一位香港教友寫的
雖說天文學不是我的最愛,
不過都是要跟大家分享一下吧

z204415610

每當遇到大型的天災人禍時, 掛在人們口邊的說話總會是「世界末日快來了!」,究竟「末日」的概念是源於宗教教義還是來自於科學預測?究竟相信「末日」是盲目迷信還是有科學根據?聖經 多次預言主耶穌會再次降臨並審判世人,屬靈世界將會取代物質世界,這就是物質世界的「末日」。至於在科學的立場裡,「末日」的來臨也是可能的,甚至是必然 的,問題在於「世界末日」當中的「世界」是如何定義。

如果把「世界」定義為整個宇宙來說,宇宙的滅亡就是「世界末日」。宇宙學家利用相對論來計算宇宙的演化過程,發現宇宙會出現三種的演化狀態:1) 不斷膨脹下去、2)膨脹速率不斷減慢然後停止膨脹、3)先膨脹後收縮。前兩者對宇宙的「生命」沒大影響,但第三種的收縮型宇宙卻是致命傷。在收縮型宇宙的 狀態下,宇宙會不斷收縮成一個奇點,這是宇宙大爆炸的相反過程,因此被稱為「宇宙大塌縮」,宇宙內所有結構將被全面摧毀,是一種毀滅性的大塌縮,也就是 「世界末日」了。至於現在的宇宙處於哪一種演化狀態還未有定論,因宇宙演化是取決於全宇宙的平均密度,可惜現時宇宙學家還未找出宇宙密度的平均值。不過從 機會率來說,我們的宇宙有三分之一的機率走向「宇宙大塌縮」的命運,因此在宇宙的立場來說,「世界末日」的機率也就是三分之一。不過由於大塌縮的速率相當 緩慢,至少要耗上140億年的時間才會收縮成奇點,似乎這種「世界末日」對人類來說沒有多大的迫切性。話雖如此,聖經的希伯來書1章11-12節一早已預 言了宇宙大塌縮的可能性:「天地都要滅沒,你卻要長存;天地都要像衣服漸漸舊了,你要將天地捲起來,像一件外衣,天地就都改變了。」。經文中的「你要將天 地捲起來」就是描述上帝最後會把整個宇宙收縮起來,這正正就是「宇宙大塌縮」!

「世界」另一較狹義的定義就是指地球本身,即是地球的滅亡就是「世界末日」。由於地球的能量來源完全依賴太陽,太陽的滅亡也代表著地球的滅亡。天體物理學家透過計算太陽核聚變的速率,發現太陽在50 億年後便會耗盡它的核燃料,並逐漸膨脹成紅巨星,其半徑將大於現時太陽與地球的距離。換言之,地球在50億年後便會被太陽所吞噬,地球上的一切都會被烈火 所焚燬,這就是地球的「世界末日」。而更重要的是,無論宇宙會否走向「宇宙大塌縮」的結局,地球被太陽吞噬的機率還是百分之一百,即是地球還未等到「宇宙 大塌縮」就先已滅亡了。其實聖經的彼得後書3章10節也曾提到地球將被烈火吞噬的必然性:「但主的日子要像賊般來到一樣。那日,天必大有響聲廢去,有形質 的都要被烈火銷化,地和其上的物都要燒盡了。」。所以無論是從宗教還是科學立場來說,「世界末日」是不可避免的必然事實。

50 億年對於人類的生命來說,似乎也是過於遙遠的事。但不要忘記「世界末日」只是一個相對概念,未必一定是指地球的滅亡,也可定義為人類文明的滅亡。6500 萬年前的恐龍滅絕就是個很好例子,當時一顆直徑達10公里的小行星撞擊地球引致「核子冬季」效應,導致所有恐龍在短期內凍死及餓死,對於恐龍來說那次的小 行星撞擊就是它們的「世界末日」。根據天文學家的統計,大概每1億年就有一顆直徑達10公里的小行星撞擊地球,由於對上那次撞擊已是6500萬年前發生, 因此在未來的3500萬年內地球將會被另一顆毀滅性的小行星所撞擊,後果當然就是人類文明的滅亡,亦是人類的「世界末日」。這個撞擊的機率可說是百分之一 百,問題在於何時發生。而且所謂的「每1億年1次」只是統計學上的平均值,事實上小行星撞擊地球是隨機的自然災難,可能在未來數十年內發生也不出為奇。聖 經的啟示錄也多次提醒我們在末世時代將會發生多次的小行星撞擊,包括6章12 – 14節:「日頭變黑像毛布,滿月變紅像血;天上的星辰墜落於地,如同無花果樹被大風搖動,落下未熟的果子一樣。天就挪移,好像書卷被捲起來,山嶺海島都被挪移,離開本位。」。啟示錄8章8 – 9節提到「第二位天使吹號,就有彷彿火燒著的大山扔在海中。海的三分之一變成血,海中的活物死了三分之一,船隻也壞了三分之一。」。啟示錄8章10 – 11節提到「第三位天使吹號,就有燒著的大星好像火把從天上落下來,落在江河的三分之一和眾水的泉源上。這星名叫「茵蔯」。眾水的三分之一變為茵蔯,因水變苦,就死了許多人。」。以及啟示錄9章1 – 2節提到「第五位天使吹號,我就看見一個星從天落到地上,有無底坑的鑰匙賜給它。它開了無底坑,便有煙從坑裡往上冒,好像大火爐的煙,日頭和天空都因這煙昏暗了。」。可見宗教與科學兩者都共同認為小行星撞擊會導致「世界末日」的來臨。

以上所討論的都是來自地球以外的大型災難,其實我們也不容忽視來自地球內部災難而引致「末日」的可能性。2004 年印尼9級大地震所引發的南亞海嘯已看出地震的破壞力絕不亞於小行星撞擊的威力。而最近地震學家公佈了日本東海地區及美國西岸將進入百年的大地震週期,而 近期在印尼附近的地震帶亦出現頻密的地震事件,令人擔憂是否將會出現蘊釀已久的世紀大地震。另外,因過量的溫室效應所導致的全球暖化現象已達致危險水平, 全球暖化不單導致海水氾濫,更會產生其他的連鎖反應。英國倫敦大學的地球物理學家Bill McGuire在他的新書《七年拯救地球》中已警告人類若不趕在2015年前控制現時的全球暖化現象的話,這種暖化效應將在2015年後完全失控,引發更 多的瘟疫、饑荒及森林大火,人類的「世界末日」將會提早降臨。而知名的物理學家霍金也在一次的公開演講中說明了人類將無法在地球上熬過本世紀末,因此「世 界末日」並沒有我們想像中的那麼遙遠。其實聖經對末世也有類似的描述,路加福音21章10-11節提到「當時,耶穌對他們說:〝民要攻打民,國要攻打國, 地要大大震動,多處必有饑荒、瘟疫,又有可怕的異象和大神蹟從天上顯現。〞」,可見在末世來臨之前,「戰爭」、「地震」、「饑荒」及「瘟疫」都必先在多處 發生。而啟示錄16章8-9節也曾提及全球暖化的出現:「第四位天使把碗倒在日頭上,叫日頭能用火烤人。人被大熱所烤,就褻瀆那有權掌管這些災的神之名,並不悔改將榮耀歸給神。」。至於森林大火的預言,啟示錄8章7節也有清楚記載:「第一位天使吹號,就有雹子與火攙著血丟在地上。地的三分一和樹的三分一被燒了,一切的青草也被燒了。」。

從以上各點不難看出,對於「世界末日」的概念,聖經的預言與科學的預測都存有高度的一致性。「世界末日」不再限於宗教教義,而是有科學的真實性、必然性以及迫切性。我們的疑問不再是「會否出現世界末日?」,而是「如何面對世界末日?」。那麼對於「末日」的來臨,你會選擇「高度重視」?還是選擇「視而不見」?

Memorti.

I was browsing on facebook last night as usual, and all the “likes” and comments from this video drew my attention. Haven’t listened to much English romatic pops lately, I was startled by their sweet voice, and I said “Oh wow, they are good” (Sonia is more sweet I must admit)

Thinking again, all these sudden and random questions of music and cognitions continually stroke my head. Taking a distal approach, we hear the twins singing, and we appreciate their singing because it is vocally nice. Taking a proximal approach, we understand that the sound waves causes vibration on our ear drums, causing a particular pattern of vibrations of our Ossicles, next to our cochlear and then to our auditory nerve, finally to brain through our auditory pathway; here we sense. A highly complex cognitive circuit then kicks in (I mean really complex), and afterward we precept the music and elicit our own personal appreciation and emotional feelings.

The interesting part here is our extraordinary capability to distinguish the quality of music, and the ability to elicit the corresponding responses.  Does our brain simply ingrain specialized cells for music? Through life-span or through the entire mankind history? How does our brain distinguish between music and other natural sounds(ie water drops). Scientists shows that such ability seemed to be innate; a research in University of Toronto examined new born response to anomalous note; the infants repeatedly response to anomalous notes as a full range scale (ie, do re, mi, fa, sol, la ti, do) is play. In the contrary, the baby seems indifferent when it is played  when the scale is played through accordingly.

Relating back to the evolution perspective, how does this derived trait help mankind survived? Is music merely a positive reinforcement, such that a pleasure which has no true adaptive value? Or does music making makes help us survive and reproduce? A research in Japan demonstrates men’s testosterone levels dramatically decrease after playing half and hour of  music of all types (Hum, confounding because of boredom?), the researchers nevertheless conclude that music reduce sexual activity and relieve tension, thus boost people’s sense of solidarity. Taken a step back, the term adaptive trait is extremely hard to define and to be proven. Whether music is an adaptation in the evolutionary aspect remains controversy.

Even if music isn’t rooted from evolution, it is shown that music has amazing power to revive and to heal. The NY Abraham health center demonstrates this magical power of music extensively. I was sincerely surprised to see that stroke patients were not able to SPEAK, but to SING. How does those patients whose incapable to speak, sing? How does the perception of music works biologically, so far no one is able to provide a satisfying answer. In conclusion, we see that the cognitive process in music perception is rather complex, and most of it still remains in mystery, but it is safe to say that music runs deeper than speech – music is able to reach places where mere language cannot.

LOST? Its ok. That’s how I always feel after walking out from my cognitive neuroscience class

Memorti.

creation-of-adam-750384

In these few volumes of of memorti, we are going to scientifically and logically examine the underlying compatibilities between the biblical creationism and darwin’s evolution. Unlike most other Christianity debates, the purpose is not to convince you which theory is ultimately correct, but to demonstrate a critical analysis of unanimity in these two contraventions and to deliver a new insight from the traditional restrictions.

Few years back then, I heard an anti-evolution argument from a pastor, claiming that Mr. Charles Darwin had refuted his own evolution theory and finally turned into a christian shortly before his death. Not trying to be a total jerk, but I had to giggle right after he said it. Unfortunately, Darwin’s “own refutation” lead to another misconception and it is heavily prompted by the anti-evolution movement; and again, critical thinking is necessary for us to understand creation and evolution compatibility.

Darwin’s rejection of evolution is most likely a fraud, an unscientific psychological fraud. Much of these so-called “evidence” on Darwin’s recant are based on a woman named Lady Hope. Back in 1881, Lady Hope claimed that she witness Darwin’s vocal denial of his own evolution theory, and accepted Jesus Christ right before his death. In Hope’s article, it reads ” He [Darwin] seemed greatly distressed, his fingers twitched nervously, and a look of agony came over his face as he said: “I was a young man with unformed ideas. I threw out queries, suggestions, wondering all the time over everything, and to my astonishment, the ideas took like wildfire. People made a religion of them.” The article was generally emotional and being reflective of Darwin’s regret of his ignorance and guilt towards evolution. The article indeed served as an effective Christianity propaganda as it had mislead many people to reject evolution, but this article failed to show any significant evidence for us to discredit evolution.

In fact, Darwin’s son Francis denial Hope’s bed-time story by making this clear statement in 1918: “Lady Hope’s account of my father’s views on religion is quite untrue. I have publicly accused her of falsehood, but have not seen any reply. My father’s agnostic point of view is given in my Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Vol. I., pp. 304–317. .. ” Same with Darwin’s daughter Emma at 1922, stating that ” I was present at his deathbed, Lady Hope was not present during his last illness, or any illness. I believe he never even saw her, but in any case she had no influence over him in any department of thought or belief. He never recanted any of his scientific views, either then or earlier. We think the story of his conversion was fabricated in the U.S.A…”

Well, thinking scientifically, we must not exclude the possibility that the denial of Francis and Emma is due to any sort of anti-christianity events, or false memory what-so-ever, but what is more believable? Family members or some stranger that we do not even sure whether she truly existed? Appealingly academic research suggests that Darwin has no signs of religious behavior or beliefs during his time on deathbed. Conclusively, Lady Hope’s story is unsupportable, even she had visited Darwin, Darwin did not became a christian nor did he renounced his evolution.

Most critically, how does Darwin’s recant of evolution and his change in religious belief affects evolution? Science is not dependent of the scholar who termed and described the natural phenomenon, but rather, the establishment of a scientific theory is based on past evidence and future researches. ie. Issac Newton’s denial of his laws of physics doesn’t imply the failure of his theories, same is true for other great scientific theories that we are learning in school. If Darwin did truly became a christian on his deathbed, congratulations, good for him. But Darwin’s denial doesn’t change the basis of evolution nor should we take it as a reason to discredit the natural phenomenon of  evolution.

Memorti.

creation-of-adam-750384

In these few volumes of of memorti, we are going to scientifically and logically examine the underlying compatibilities between the biblical creationism and darwin’s evolution. Unlike most other Christianity debates, the purpose is not to convince you which theory is ultimately correct, but to demonstrate a critical analysis of unanimity in these two contraventions and to deliver a new insight from the traditional restrictions.

My beliefs in the compatibility between evolution and creationism changed quite a bit since grade 12.

Speaking of compatibility, we have to first understand the diversified aspects of darwin’s evolution. In fact, christians DO make irrational statements with regards to evolution. Particularly with false scientific facts or other rather illogical statements, which most misconceptions arise from the lack of insight of the actual mechanisms involved in evolution. Many irrational anti-evolutionist claims: “They want us to believe human are evolved from monkeys!” or saying, “they want us to believe that whales are made from cows!”.  On the other hand, atheist without an scientific way of thinking is likely to yield statements like “God cannot be examine scientifically, so God doesn’t exist” or “Evidence shows evolution really happened! Why should we believed in the bible’s funny creation story?”  In order to understand both creations and evolution,  a scientific mind is essentially necessary.

In order for to appreciate the elegant creation and evolution compatibility, few critical misconceptions of evolution and creationism must be justified

1)  Evidence of evolution denies the necessity of higher forms of intelligence because evolution itself is sufficient to explain the origin of life. Maximum parsimony (ie, simplest explinations) is preferred, thus evolution explains the nature phenomenon in the origin of life.

A: First, darwin’s evolution only explained the methods and mechanisms involved in nature’s diversity; namely, a single common ancestor is derived to form the branches of bacteria, archaea, and eucarya. Evolution does not explain HOW and what CAUSES the formation of the common ancestor. Creationism is an entirely separate domain that is out of the scope of science, it answers the question of  WHAT originates life. Keep in mind that what science fails to explain does not prove of its non-existence.

2)  Evidence of evolution denies the necessity of higher forms of intelligence because evolution itself is sufficient to explain the origin of life. Maximum parsimony (ie, simplest explanation) is preferred, thus evolution explains the nature phenomenon in the origin of life.

A: Evolution itself does not instantaneously reject the existence of God in any perspective. Evidence of evolution may challenge the necessity of an intelligent design (ie, evidence of suboptimal design, HOX gene), but evolution itself yields little evidences to deny creationism. Conclusively, challenging creationism does not imply denial.

Nevertheless, accepting creationism does not deny the occurrence of evolution. The bottom line is that accepting one theory does not instantaneously disprove the other, which I referred as creation-evolution compatibility.

Memorti.

Just got myself back from Calgary.
Oh, I didn’t bring my camera, so don’t count on it.

My last midterm (round 1) will be completed tomorrow.
2 days break? I will see what I can do.

Finally choose my focal paper for my evolution paper; a freshtopic published in June:
The evolutionary origins of beneficial alleles during the repeated adaptation of garter snakes to deadly prey. Feldman CR et al. 2009.

Pretty neat. As for my neuro paper I will probably go for N-back task and working memory… at least something that I know pretty well…

Some updates from my current life. My sleeping pattern is totally healthy now, relatively of course.  6 to 8 hours of sleep; getting to bed every night no later than 1:00am. Darn I am so proud of myself. School life is going pretty well. Being a third year student I felt pretty comfortable around the campus. And classes are overall interesting (except Japanese, I didn’t even know why I took it as my art option in the first place). That being said, third year is like getting into another stage of education; we don’t use textbook as much, few advance courses I am taking concentrates in hardcore current researches. Its funny to see different guest lecturer in every single class; lets just say even a PhD has very limited expertise and very limited knowledge. Everything is about collective knowledge in advanced science. Introspection became an essential aspect of my learning, I am furtherly trained to criticize people’s work…

Weather is pathetic here. We had the first snow of this season, its simply ridiculous. Oh man.

oh, and I found some <3

我都快崩潰了

還有誰可作我的依靠?
答案很清楚

真係好冷凍好冷凍
今天凍得耳朵都感都刺痛

十月就這樣….

This week is going to be brutal.
I wish I have some more to say… but well.

I will be more productive with my memorti very soon.

最近很忙, 忙得來又很懶散….

嗯… 看著月亮慢慢一天比一天圓
嗯… 今晚吃月餅, 賞月

祝大家中秋節快樂